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1.
Ownership of marks
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2.
Scope of trademark
What may and may not be protected and registered as a trademark?To read more
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3.
Common law trademarks
Can trademark rights be established without registration?To read more
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4.
Registration time frame and cost
How long does it typically take, and how much does it typically cost, to obtain a trademark registration? What circumstances would increase the estimated time and cost of filing a trademark application and receiving a registration? What additional documentation is needed to file a trademark application?To read more
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5.
Classification system
What classification system is followed, and how does this system differ from the International Classification System as to the goods and services that can be claimed? Are multi-class applications available and what are the estimated cost savings?To read more
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6.
Examination procedure
What procedure does the trademark office follow when determining whether to grant a registration? Are applications examined for potential conflicts with other trademarks? Are letters of consent accepted to overcome an objection based on a third-party mark? May applicants respond to rejections by the trademark office?To read more
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7.
Use of a trademark and registration
Does use of a trademark or service mark have to be claimed before registration is granted or issued? Does proof of use have to be submitted? Are foreign registrations granted any rights of priority? If registration is granted without use, is there a time by which use must begin either to maintain the registration or to defeat a third-party challenge on grounds of non-use?To read more
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8.
Appealing a denied application
Is there an appeal process if the application is denied?To read more
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9.
Third-party opposition
Are applications published for opposition? May a third party oppose an application prior to registration, or seek cancellation of a trademark or service mark after registration? What are the primary bases of such challenges, and what are the procedures? May a brand owner oppose a bad-faith application for its mark in a jurisdiction in which it does not have protection? What is the typical range of costs associated with a third-party opposition or cancellation proceeding?To read more
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10.
Duration and maintenance of registration
How long does a registration remain in effect and what is required to maintain a registration? Is use of the trademark required for its maintenance? If so, what proof of use is required?To read more
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11.
The benefits of registration
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12.
Licences
May a licence be recorded against a mark in the jurisdiction? Are there any benefits to doing so or detriments to not doing so?To read more
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13.
Assignment
What can be assigned?To read more
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14.
Assignment documentation
What documents are required for assignment and what form must they take?To read more
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15.
Validity of assignment
Must the assignment be recorded for purposes of its validity?To read more
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16.
Security interests
Are security interests recognised and what form must they take? Must the security interest be recorded for purposes of its validity or enforceability?To read more
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17.
Markings
What words or symbols can be used to indicate trademark use or registration? Is marking mandatory? What are the benefits of using and the risks of not using such words or symbols?To read more
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18.
Trademark enforcement proceedings
What types of legal or administrative proceedings are available to enforce the rights of a trademark owner against an alleged infringer or dilutive use of a mark, apart from previously discussed opposition and cancellation actions? Are there specialised courts or other tribunals? Is there any provision in the criminal law regarding trademark infringement or an equivalent offence?To read more
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19.
Procedural format and timing
What is the format of the infringement proceeding?To read more
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20.
Burden of proof
What is the burden of proof to establish infringement or dilution?To read more
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21.
Standing
Who may seek a remedy for an alleged trademark violation and under what conditions? Who has standing to bring a criminal complaint?To read more
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22.
Foreign activities
Can activities that take place outside the country of registration support a charge of infringement or dilution?To read more
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23.
Discovery
What discovery or disclosure devices are permitted for obtaining evidence from an adverse party, from third parties, or from parties outside the country?To read more
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24.
Timing
What is the typical time frame for an infringement or dilution, or related action, at the preliminary injunction and trial levels, and on appeal?To read more
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25.
Litigation costs
What is the typical range of costs associated with an infringement or dilution action, including trial preparation, trial and appeal?To read more
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26.
Appeals
What avenues of appeal are available?To read more
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27.
Defences
What defences are available to a charge of infringement or dilution, or any related action?To read more
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28.
Remedies
What remedies are available to a successful party in an action for infringement or dilution, etc? What criminal remedies exist?To read more
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29.
ADR
Are ADR techniques available, commonly used and enforceable? What are the benefits and risks?To read more
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30.
Famous foreign trademarks
Is a famous foreign trademark afforded protection even if not used domestically? If so, must the foreign trademark be famous domestically? What proof is required? What protection is provided?To read more
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Updates and trends
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